Teen Pregnancy - 1426 Words

Introduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, Reid, Plax Drake, 2015). Risk factors of teen pregnancy lead to risky behaviors that increase the likelihood of teen pregnancy. Primary risk factors for teen pregnancy include: poverty, low socioeconomic status, limited maternal education†¦show more content†¦Interventions have shown to address issues related to adolescent sexual behavior such as reducing sexual partners, reducing unprotected sexual intercourse and decreasing teen pregnancy. Healthy Teen Transition is a teen outreach program, it is an intervention program that is offered in schools, after school programs and community settings. Healthy Teen Transitions teen outreach program overall goal is to help adolescents build relationships with supportive adults, build interpersonal skills and critical thinking. In efforts that adolescents will develop a positive view of their future through various opportunities and experiences while in the program (Walsh et al, 2016). Physical Development According to researchers Patel Sen (2012), teen pregnancy can result in severe physical health issues. Researchers conducted a study that examined the physical and mental health outcomes associated with teen pregnancy. Teen mothers were reported to have the poorest health of all women examined in the study. Teen mothers’ poor health may be linked to lack of education in prenatal and postnatal care. Teen mothers may neglect their own physical health in efforts to care for their child. Teen mothers’ physical health problems may be linked to lack of financial resources for adequate food, nutrition, and medication (Patel Sen, 2012). There has been little research that has examined teen pregnancy and theShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1246 Words   |  5 PagesA topic in American society that has proved to be an ongoing, and growing issue is that none other than teen pregnancy. In recent years, teen pregnancy rates have been increasing, which ultimately led to the topics increase of public and media attention. In American society teen pregnancy is often associated with negligence, as well as being irresponsible. In American society sex education for children is underdeveloped and instead society tends to use fear and shame to highlight/combat the dangersRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreTeen Pregnancy : Teenage Pregnancy1404 Words   |  6 PagesLauryn Jones Block 5 4/27/16 What is Teen Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A girl can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate which can be before her first menstrual period, but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Most teenage girls don t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1057 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a common thing here in America. It seems teens are getting pregnant more than the average married couple. There are some risk factors teen moms face and there is also another great turn outs. There is a major difference between the two. It’s important to tell teens the turnouts of teen pregnancy for the good and bad parts. There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STD’s, and the effects on theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesTerrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early age. There are otherRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens1643 Words   |  7 PagesEvery teen has dream about how they want to graduate from high school and then go to college, but some teens are not willing to take the challenge. Some of these teens want to drop out of high school and other teens want to keep furthering their education. For some there are obstacle that life throw at them to be able to accomplish their goals. Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy905 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"16 and Pregnant†/ â€Å"Teen Mom† Promote or Discourage Teenage Pregnancy? (Agree/Promote) When it comes to the topic of do TV shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† promote or discourage teenage pregnancy, most of us will readily agree that it in fact does promote teenage pregnancy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of how does this promote teenage pregnancy. Whereas some are convinced that it promotes teenage pregnancy through the fame some of the young couples haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens978 Words   |  4 Pagesare getting younger in age, and the birth rate is rising higher. Mississippi has the highest birth rates in teen pregnancy, and has held this title for the past few years. This problem has had such a rise to fame because this is a problem that can be prevented. Parents and communities should take action to help lower the teen pregnancy birth rate in Mississippi. Since the birth rate in teens is so high that means there is more need of government assistance. This becomes such a problem in states because

Public Relations Project and Campaign Planning

Questions: 1. Describe the situation that gives rise to the problem or the opportunity. Factors you might consider include competitive pressures on the business, issues about awareness? 2. What the client wants client brief for pitch? 3. Expand on the work you have done earlier into a full plan for your client one they could take and use straight away if they chose to do so? Answers: Introduction In-store shopping plays a major role in the communities of Australia. The business has tremendous impact on the local communities and encourages the consumers to gain the advantage from these retail operators. But this has been found that the local communities neglect the in-store shopping and focus more on the online shopping. Thus there has been an urgent need of reviving the in-store business that offers the local community an identity and convenience to the consumers. In this assignment a strategic PR plan as has been initiated for the small business organisation to aware the consumers about the importance of in-store business. 1. Problem and Opportunity Statement The small shops and business play important role in meeting the needs of the community. A survey of the consumers of Australia reveals that the small business offers an identity to the community. 58 % of the customers believe that small business offers convenience to the community and forty-five percent of customers believe that small business offers superior services to the customers (Elsworth, 2013). Thus there is an immediate need of promoting the small business in the community of the country. The in-store business has a significant contribution to the customers by offering products and services directly to the customers. The in-store business has sales advantages. The in-store business gets a scope to have communication with the customers directly. The personal relationship will be built and the business can reach the target audience offering direct messages. Instore, business is considered an effective way in order to build long-run relationships with the customers. This grows a flexible business and low-cost business as well. In the online business, the customers get comparatively fewer opportunities to examine the products and procure the products on their choice. 2. Client brief for pitch There are some disadvantages in the in-store business. It is told that due to the direct communication with the customers the owner of the small business spends more time in the interaction. The second important thing is that the small business cannot get new customers as it focuses on the specific number of the customers (Queensland Government, 2016). Thus there is need of developing PR tools to gain the market in the community 3. Tools activities of the Public Relations Public Relations tools and activities are used to promote a strong positive attitude and behaviour among the consumers for the business. These methods are used to help the willing consumers to become customers of the business(Business Source Premier, 2013). The tools used for the Public Relations are cost effective and these have control in a greater degree. These PR tools build the reputation of the business. Appropriate PR tools for the business The business organisation sets appropriate goals to build the reputation of the organisation by understanding the target market. The understanding helps the business to choose correct PR tools for the desired job. For the successful PR tools, the following steps are taken care. Taking decisions on the appropriate PR goals The business organisation requires deciding the type of reputation that it wants to set for the respective organisation. The organisation should decide its business area and its characteristics that will draw to most of the new customers(Daugherty, 2009). The organisation also needs to spread the newsworthy of its business and should set the big ideas that the customers will talk about this. Need of Smart goals Specific The business should be very clear in stating the area that it wants to achieve. Measurable The business requires setting the tangible measures so that it can measure the result of its business. Achievable The business needs to set its objectives that can be dealt within its capacity and budget. Relevant The business should set its objectives so that it will improve the specific aspects of the business. Time-bound The business needs to set its objectives that will be achievable within the period of time it wants to achieve. Development of the key messages of the business The business needs to formulates statements that clearly answer the different questions like who, what, where and why of the respective business. The statements developed by the business will be used as the part of the PR material in order to showcase it to the business(Branson, 2013). The factual statements will be the key messages and they are written in small sentences. The business will have five or six sentences as its key messages. Development of the Public Relations budget The business needs to invest funds for PR. The PR agency can also be appointed to manage the PR activity of the business. The business needs to make the budget for different kind of things like direct mail of the media kits, on the items of the promotion, events, on sponsorship and on the brochures(Forbes, 2013). The business needs to set a budget for the annual investment in Public Relations. Identification of the target audiences The market segment is very important for the marketing plan. The business will make an assessment on the information of the customers, how the customers live and where the customers will get the information(Kazokiene, 2011). The information will help the business to identify the required best PR tools and tactics for the business. Popularising the best PR opportunities Spreading the success stories among the customers is also a method to gain business opportunities. It is necessary to identify the material that will assist to build the profile of the business. The entire business team should consider it as a practice and work to spread interesting stories. The PR materials are required to be used for the target audience and the effective PR tools will be helpful to this. The successful stories may be like the story of the business anniversary or achievement to be ventilated in the community through the newspaper. The community group like Rotary and Lions can be involved in the process(Lewis, 2007). The business can make a media release about the successful business growth featuring some photographs, images in the newsletter. The customers and the business process can also be shown in the case study with good pictures. Shaping the Public Relations to the target audience The PR tools and the media tools will be helpful for the specific segment of the customers. The business requires matching the media with the market. IT is important to consider the list of PR tools the activities and the appropriate media channels are required to be chosen in order to reach the customers. The records of distribution sources will be built matching the target market. This will be done after making research on the community groups, websites, and the media sources of local or regional(Bakhuya, 2015). The business needs to develop media sources to reach the customers so that the business organisation will make a choice to mix the tools. The social media sites like Facebook twitter etc can be used by the business to spread the success story. In the website of the business organisation the success story can be written. Measurement and improvement of PR The success of the PR activities is required to be measured. This will help to identify the tools and tactics that are beneficial. The business will avoid the activities that are not useful and do not have productive results. While measuring and enhancing the PR activities it is important for the business to study the target customers and the segment of the costumes. The achievements of the business are to be identified in the PR activities of the business organisation(slideshare.net, 2014). The assessment also needs to verify the key messages of the organisation. What how to measure The target audience needs to be focused. This will help the business organisation to direct its PR efforts. Due to the PR activities, the business will make required changes in the awareness, attitudes behaviours. In this measurement process, the quality media coverage is assessed. It evaluates the number of times the key messages reach to the customers. This also evaluates the contact of the customers and their frequency after they receive the newsletter (Macnamara, 2011). The email, website accesses are also assessed. The growth of the business is identified after the evaluation of the business in social media, referrals from the word of mouth, awareness, and people inquiring about the business of the organisation. The increase in the sales of the business determines the growth of the business. Survey method in order to measure PR The survey will be made to measure PR. In the survey questions will be asked to the customers about the information they get about the business(balance.com, 2016). The survey will focus on identifying the awareness, attitude, and behaviour of the customers towards the key messages of the business organisation. Measurement criteria of the PR The measurement of the PR focuses on getting both qualitative and quantitative outcomes. In this process, the evaluation will design a series of questions. This will identify whether the business reaches to the target audiences and which key message has reached to the target audience (Crewe, 2000). Tools and activities of the PR are appropriate or not and whether they are successful. This will also discuss the materials taken by the media channel. The business will also measure what tangible responses it is getting from the customers. This will help the business to identify the appropriate idea about the effective PR activities. Decision making on the PR of the business The tools, activities the materials used for building the reputation of the business is needed to be evaluated (study.com, 2015). In this process, there is need of identifying whether the activities have positive traits. If the activities have positive traits and do not reach the customers then the business needs to continue to work till the activities reach to the customers. There is always need of reviewing the market research. The gathered information about the segment of the customers assists the business to target the audiences in a better way. The objectives that are identified in the market plan of the business will be suitable to PR tools approaches. Good PR is always effective for the business. It is a continuous creative process. The business organisation requires remaining positive on its approaches so that it will gain positive responses from the customers and the business will get maximum benefits in the future (womeninpr.com, 2012). Conclusion Thus there is need of focusing on some strategies to grow the small business and popularize it. The small business requires focusing on encouraging the customers to interact with the owner of the business. Rapport building helps the owner of the business to retain the customers for the long run. The growing relationship helps the business to understand the needs of the customers shop that it can match the products as per the needs(pria.com, 2014). The knowledge about the product of the business becomes very helpful for the small business to gain more confidence in the business. This will help the small business owner to meet the needs of the customers. The customers database can help the small business to build a relationship and track the networks. The database of the customers will provide a valuable source of information. This will help the in-store business to identify the needs of the customers. The in-store business also requires developing its business environment. It requires to display the products list or new arrivals so that the customers get attracted to it. The most important work for the small business owner is to polish the sales skills. The skills such as conversation skills, listening skills, and communication skills are required to be developed. This will help to build lasting relationships with the customers and grow a business that is quite rewarding. Bibliography Bakhuya, J. (2015). effect of communication strategy on strategic planning in african . Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from erepository.uonbi.ac.ke: erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/.../Bakhuya_Effect%20of%20communication%20strategy%20o balance.com. (2016, 08 6). Developing Your Public Relations Media Plan - The Balance. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com Small Business Marketing Public Relations Branson, E. (2013). Campaign in a Box: Creating a Universal Public Relations Plan for. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from digitalcommons.calpoly: digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070context=joursp Business Source Premier. (2013). Understanding Your Audience. Strategic Planning in Public Relations , 24-31. Crewe, L. (2000). Geographies of retailing and consumption. Progress in Human geography , 24 (2), 275-290. Daugherty, E. (2009). Strategic Planning in Public Relations: A Matrix that Ensures Tactical Soundness. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from Public Relations: Strategies And Tactics, 9/E: https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8131727432 Elsworth, S. (2013). Shop Small campaign launched to save our local businesses. Retrieved 02 10, 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/small-business/shop-small-campaign-launched-to-save-our-local-businesses/news-story/0edeeab06cd908aa7c73fb01e6ec1f2d Forbes, S. P. (2013). Applying Strategic management to Publci Relations. The Public Relations Journal , 48 (3), 32. Kazokiene, L. (2011). Criteria for the Evaluation of Public Relations Effectiveness - CiteSeerX. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from citesserx.ist.psu,edu: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.922.6052rep=rep1 Lewis, T. (2007). Improving Connections with Consumers. PRweek , 14. Macnamara, J. (2011). PR Metrics - AMEC. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from amecorg.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PR-Metrics-Paper.pdf pria.com. (2014, 03 18). PR Campaign Planning - Events Training - Public Relations Institute .. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from www.pria.com.au/training/event/pr-campaign-planning Queensland Government. (2016). Public relations tools and activities. Retrieved 02 10, 2017, from https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/marketing-promotion/pr/tools-activities slideshare.net. (2014, 09 05). Public relations - SlideShare. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from slideshare.net: ww.slideshare.net/parveenkumarchadha2/public-relations-38731208 study.com. (2015, 05 31). What Is Employee Relations? - Definition Concept - Video Lesson. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-employee-relations-definition-lesson-quiz.html womeninpr.com. (2012, 01 10). 12 steps to a successful PR campaign Women In PR. Retrieved 02 11, 2017, from womeninpr.com: https://womeninpr.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/12-steps-to-a-successful-pr-campaign/ Public Relations Project and Campaign Planning Question: Discuss about thePublic Relations Project and Campaign Planning. Answer: Introduction (Statement of the Problem) The purpose of this report is to make a social media PR plan for Myer. The plan will help the organization to manage the social media response, which is caused due to the cavorting of a leading cloth model with of one of the married executive of Myer. The event took place at Spring Racing Carnival, where one of the popular models of the company displayed unexpected behavior and therefore, lowered the public reputation of the company. Moreover, this behavior was being filmed by the media personals present in the event, which is being later posted in the social media platforms. The video got viral and there were several gossips among the public about the incident. The management of the event has to face embarrassment and the reputation of the company also got compromised. The social media plan aims to restore the reputation by providing proper explanation to the public about the facts that took place in the incident. PR Social Media Plan The social media website is the fastest growing online platform of the present days. Hence, this is considered to be one of the most reliable and popular source to attract the attention of public and also provide valuable information. The goal of the plan is to provide broad description of an events or information about a business organization (Nazari 2016). The social media marketing is one popular method for promotion, which is used by all major companies to get public attention. The successful execution of the plan will help to deal with the issues, and also provide strategy to fulfill a specific objective. It will also help the organization to provide necessary message to the public (Cheek, Ferguson and Tanner 2013). Target Public The news of the social event of Myer is being published in all the major social media platforms. The target audience for this plan includes all the members and public, who were preset in the public event. All the customers and clients of Myer, who got influenced by the events also, need to be aimed. The stakeholders of the company also need to be given strong message about the causes and the circumstance of the incident. Objectives (SMART Objectives) The objectives for the PR social media plan are set with the help of SMART goal technique. With the help of the elements of the SMART objective, it is possible to target the specific audience and therefore, provide them with the required message. Following are the criteria for the SMART objective: Specific: With the help of the specific target the chance of the success of the plan is much greater. In this case, PR plan made need to focus on providing the information about the incident, which took place at the Spring Racing Carnival. The time of the event need to be focused at the social event of the Myer Company. The main constraints for this plan are created due to the unusual act of the model. The plan will help to remove the false ideas, which exists in the mind of the people. Measurable: The success of the social media plan can be evaluated by measuring the total number of people, who changed their opinion about the incident, related that took place in the Spring Race Carnival. The response of the public can be collected using online survey at the social media websites. With more number of people supporting the campaign of the social media plan, it will help the Myer Company to restore their reputation. Actionable: It is important that the objective of the plan can be completed within a definite period of time. The video of the social event got spread in a very short period of time. Hence, it is essential to manage the resulting media response in short period of time so that it is possible to restore the reputation of the company. Realistic: The PR plan of the counter social media needs to be realistic, which will help the public believe upon their opinions and thus, it will be possible to deal with the win the trust of the people. The justification, which is being provided in the plan, needs to provide legal evidence, which will proof the actual incident that took place in the event (Kelley, Sheehan and Jugenheimer 2015). Time based: The objective of the plan should be fulfilled within definite period and deadline. This will help to avoid the gap of the response time (Moreno-Munoz 2016). Strategy and Tactics The approach of the social media plan needs to be informative, which will help to discuss the events of the incidents that took place at the spring race carnival. The social media response should be given in popular platforms namely Facebook and Twitter, where the video of the event was published that ultimately lead to gossips among the public. It is essential for the company to assure the public that it is one exceptional incident and that the persons responsible for such unaccepted behavior should get the deserving punishment. The management of the company also needs to provide assurance, which will help to avoid happening of such unaccepted behavior in any future events of the company. With the help of community with the social media platforms, it is possible deliver message to wide range of public. Evaluation The success of the social media plan can be measured by the response given by the people in the social media platforms. The public is expected to give mixed response as it will be not possible to convince all the people with the regarding the fact of the events. The social media plan will also help to restore the reputation of Myer Company, which was compromised due to the embarrassing event at the Spring Race Carnival. The senior executive of Myer, who was involved in the activity, might also be detained from the activity. Conclusion With the help of prefect social media plan, it is possible to deal with the negative responses, which occurred within the public after the event of the Sprung Racing Carnival. The elements of the SMART objective, it is possible to make the PR social media plan. This will help to restore the reputation of the company, which got compromised. Reference Cheek, R.G., Ferguson, T. and Tanner, J., 2013. Consumer-centric strategic social media plan for small and medium-sized enterprises.International Journal of Business and Social Research,3(1), pp.1-11. Kelley, L., Sheehan, K. and Jugenheimer, D.W., 2015.Advertising media planning: a brand management approach. Routledge. Moreno-Munoz, A., Bellido-Outeirino, F.J., Siano, P. and Gomez-Nieto, M.A., 2016. Mobile social media for smart grids customer engagement: Emerging trends and challenges.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, pp.1611-1616. Nazari, A., 2016. Developing a Social Media Communication Plan. InStrategic Integration of Social Media into Project Management Practice(pp. 194-217). IGI Global.

The Fountainhead Essays - The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand, Objectivism

The Fountainhead Philosophy demands literature that can abet the understanding of social views. Without reflective literature, man cannot begin to comprehend the essential messages behind philosophy. One such philosophy, objectivism, is represented exceptionally by the timeless novel, The Fountainhead. Through the use of compelling dialogue, Ayn Rand reveals her own feelings towards objectivism, and her thoughts towards conformity and independence. The interpretations and the implications of several of the quotes within The Fountainhead accurately depict the essence of objectivism and encourages the opposition of conventional standards through the embodiment of the uncompromising innovator "standing against the world." Society dictates that there will be those that follow and those that will lead the followers. Peter Keating is one that adheres to conformity; a man of little independent thought, a follower. Howard Roark, on the other hand, is a man aspiring to achieve a level of complete and utter independence from traditional principles. One telling passage occurs in a scene where Keating and Roark are discussing architecture. Keating: "How do you always manage to decide?" Roark: "How can you let others decide for you?" As two men on the extreme sides of conformity and independence, it is hard for Keating to understand how someone could be so sure of himself, whereas it is incomprehensible for Roark to believe that Keating could have so little self-assurance and such a lack of resolve regarding the decisions he chooses to make. In this regard, Howard Roark is greater than Peter Keating. Often times in world affairs, smaller nations adhere to a state of Finlandization; they buckle under the pressures of a larger nation because they lack the strength to strive for independent thought. Howard Roark, is a man who refuses to succumb to that greater entity and is able to think and judge for himself. Egotism is defined as an exaggerated sense of self importance. Often times, independence and conformity play a very large part in egotism. Whether a man is a conformist or non- conformist, he is affected to some degree by his own egotism. Is ego, then, harmful or beneficial to our growth and self- actualization? Katie, a somewhat ineffectual minor character had a very revealing discussion with her uncle, Ellsworth Toohey, regarding her unhappiness. Toohey: "If your first concern is for what you are or think or feel or have or haven't got---you're still a common egotist." Katie: "You mean, I must want to be unhappy?" Toohey: "No. You must stop wanting anything." Ellsworth Toohey, the humanitarian, is stating that when a person's first thoughts are about themself, than they are an egotist. Yet, to some degree, isn't everyone an egotist? If man does not care about himself, his feelings, or his possessions, and has just given up on the world, than what is that man? He is most likely be a Howard Roark. So, when Toohey advises his niece Katie to stop wanting anything, he is saying that to live a life of conceit is immoral, and that desire is a non-essential. What is essential to fulfillment, however, is dedication to and desire for commitment in our relationships and our life's work. Dominique: "Roark, I can accept anything, except what seems to be the easiest for most people: the half-way, the almost, the just-about, the in- between." In the American work force today, all too often there is a lack of concern for the quality of work accomplished. In our educational system, students often times only do enough to simply "get by." Dominique perceives people as lazy, and to her that is just unacceptable. To some degree Peter Keating is lazy because of his reluctance to broaden his architectural horizons and create; he simply copies the same design repeatedly with little variance. Dominique also makes a social statement by implying that society needs to reevaluate its work ethic and lack of care. She insinautes that while existing in a state of conformity, carelessness is often times overlooked as a problem. Roark takes this need for dedication one step further; he punctuates his life with not only devotion but also a maverick style that was all important to his feelings of self worth. Roark: "Independence is the only gauge of human virtue and value. What a man is and makes of himself-- not what he has or hasn't done for others." A man is defined by his actions. Peter Keating, for example, might be described as a good friend and an outstanding architect, but in reality he is a very shallow man. Never did he design any

Power of Plutonium

Power of Plutonium Free Online Research Papers I believe that we should we begin to manufacture one of the most destructive and powerful elements on the planet again? Nuclear chemists and engineers say yes, but the public says no. The United States stopped making this element with the United Nations ban on manufacturing nuclear weapons. But, with the continuing problem with our thinning energy resources, some want us to begin using more nuclear energy and less energy from natural resources. This paper is going to discuss what plutonium is, the advantages and disadvantages of its use, and why we should think about restarting our production of this useful element. during World War two United States dropped two nuclear bombs, Fat Man and Little Boy on Japan ending the war, the public has had some type of understanding about the power of plutonium and its devastating properties, but that is all anyone heard. After WWII, Americans started to think about what the atomic bomb could do to the people of the United States. When the U.S. started to build more reactors and produce more of the substance but mostly for our nuclear weapons programs. But some times this reaction can get out of hand, this is called a melt down. this can produce harmful effects if it isnt controlled quickly enough. After such instances as the Hanford, Washington reactor meltdown and the accident in the U.S.S.R. at Chernobyl. The United States government banned nuclear testing and also ended the production of plutonium.(Ref. 5) Now we have a problem. We are in need of future sources of energy to power our nation. We are running out of coal and oil to run our power plants.(Ref. 7) We also need it to further our space exploration program. People need to understand the advantages to using plutonium and that the disadvantages are not as catastrophic as they seem. With the turn of the century on its way, the reemergence of plutonium production will need to be a reality for us to continue our way of life. In 1941, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, discovered something that would change our planet forever. Glenn T. Seaborg, is credited for the discovery of the element plutonium.(ref. 10) Plutonium, or Pu #94 on the periodic table, is one of the most unstable elements on the earth. Plutonium is made when Uranium 235, absorbs a neutron. Plutonium is a silver metal that has a very high density of 19.816 g/cm3.(ref. 10 ) It is rarely found in the earths crust but the majority of the substance has to be produced by man at the core of nuclear reactors. Plutonium can be found fifteen different forms, or isotopes and their mass number can range from 232-246.(ref. 13) Radionuclide batteries used in pacemakers use Pu-238, while Pu-239 is used in reactors and for Nuclear weapons.(ref. 13) This paper will focus on the isotopes Pu-238 and Pu-239. Plutonium can be very helpful to the United States. there are many reasons for its use. The three major advantages to using this element are for an energy source, power for nuclear propulsion in space exploration and thermo-electric generators in cardiac pacemakers. The first use for plutonium, nuclear power, is obviously the most beneficial use. Plutonium 239 can be used to power nuclear reactors. The average nuclear reactor cont ains about 325 kilograms of plutonium within its uranium fuel.(ref. 7) This complements the uranium fission process. With the continually decreasing supply of coal and oil to power our nation, we need a substitute to complement our energy needs and right now the best replacement is that of nuclear energy.(ref. 7) At the moment there are one hundred and ten nuclear power plants in the United States and they produce one-fifth of the nations electricity. Nuclear energy has been proven to be the cheapest, safest, cleanest and probably the most efficient source of energy.(ref. 7) Nuclear power plants do not use as much fuel as the plants burning coal and oil. One ton of uranium produces more energy than several million tons of coal and plutonium can produce much more energy than uranium.(ref. 12) Also the burning of coal and oil pollute our air and the last thing we need is more pollution to worsen the greenhouse effect. Nuclear power plants cannot contaminate the environment because they do not release any type of pollution.(ref. 2) Plutonium can also be recycled by using a enrichment process. This will produce even more energy. Coal and oil can not be recycled. What is left by their uses is what has been contaminating our atmosphere since the 1800s. You might ask how exactly is plutonium converted into an energy source? Well it is obviously quite complicated to explain. Basically, power comes from the fission process of an atom of the element and produces over ten million times the energy produced by an atom of carbon from coal. One kilogram of plutonium co nsumed for three years in a reactor can produce heat to give ten million kilowatt-hours of electricity. This amount is enough to power over one-thousand Australian households.(ref. 7) Presented with this information, it is only common sense that we should not depend upon fossil fuels to take us into the 21st century. It is obvious that our future lies in the hands of nuclear reactors and the use of plutonium. The second major use for plutonium is for space exploration with its ability to power nuclear propulsion. Nuclear electric propulsion is using energy from plutonium to power space vehicles.(ref. 3) One of the major goals of NASA space program is to, one day, get to Mars, and it looks like the only way it is going to happen in our current fiscal condition, is if we use plutonium, instead of chemical fuel, to power our explorations. Nuclear electric propulsion can be defined as using small plutonium based bricks, to power space vehicles for interplanetary trips. Nuclear electric systems provide very low thrust levels and use only very small amounts of fuel during the voyage.(ref. 3,4) Using electric propulsion also allows the use of less fuel making the spacecrafts launch weight much lower than it would be with chemical fuel.(ref. 3) The last beneficial use for plutonium is for cardiac pacemakers. The thermo-electric generator, which is powered by radionuclide batteries, that powers the pacemaker uses Pu-238. One of the obvious uses of plutonium, whether is an advantage or disadvantage, is for weaponry. It is an advantage if we need to use it against a foe, but it is disadvantageous is our foes use it against the United States. Now that we are at the hands of the Non-proliferation Treaty and the Test Ban Treaty, we no longer can make and/or test nuclear weapons. (Ref. 5) This should help end ideas about nuclear war and other disadvantages to having plutonium in other country’s supplies. Now that we have recognized three important uses for Plutonium and that the threat of nuclear war is no longer as feasible as before, we should recognize the disadvantages of this great energy source. They mostly have to do with excess waste and health effects from the use of nuclear energy. In 1986, a reactor located in Russia at the Chernobyl power plant had a meltdown and radiation escaped from the plant.(ref. 8) Several dozen died from this incident. Nuclear explosions produce radiation. When it comes within human contact, radiation hurts cells, which can sicken people. The cause of the Chernobyl meltdown was mostly because of human error. They tried to perform an experiment at a time when they shouldnt have, and many people paid for their incompetence. There are waste disposal problems that occur with the use of nuclear reactors. Waste also produces radiation, which can be lethal. Since waste ca n hurt and kill people who come in contact with the substance, it cannot be thrown away in a dumpster like other garbage. Waste has to be put in cooling pools or storage tanks at the site of the reactors. Another problem is that the reactors can last for a maximum of fifty years. Even though plutonium is chemically hazardous and produces harmful radiation, it isnt close to being the most toxic substance on the planet. Such substances as caffeine or radiation from smoke detectors, that have the same amount of mass as plutonium, can have a greater toxicity. (Ref. 2) There are basically three ways plutonium can hurt humans. The first is ingestion. Ingestion, though not totally safe, it is not as bad as we think. The fact is, plutonium passes through the stomach and intestines and cannot be absorbed and therefore, is released with other waste we produce.(ref. 1) The second route plutonium can take to be hazardous is through open wounds. This form of contact is very rare and basically cannot happen if the element is handled correctly with protective measures such as correct clothing and health monitor procedures.(ref. 1) The last, main threat to our society comes from inhalation. If inhale d, plutonium is exhaled on the next breath or gotten rid off through the spit flow from the throat and bronchial system and released as with ingestion. But if some could get trapped and put into the blood stream or lymph nodes.(ref. 1) This has the possibility to cause cancer in the future. This might sound frightening, but what we need to realize is that inhaling this type of substance is part of some of our daily lives. The problem of inhaling Pu-239 isnt much different than inhaling such radio nuclides like decaying particles from radon. Radon is a radioactive gas that can cause cancer. (Ref. 6) It comes from the decay of uranium in soil, rock and water. Inhaling this substance can damage your lungs and lead to cancer over a lifetime. The gas can affect everyone, no matter where you live, work or go to school. If you live in a brick house, you could be taking a serious risk if you dont get the radon level tested. A 1990 National Safety Council report showed that radon causes, on the average, approximately 14,000 deaths a year and can go as high as 30,000 deaths a year.(ref. 6) After learning about what radon gas can do to humans, shouldnt we be more concerned about what a naturally occurring substance can do rather than worrying about what plutonium, and its rare contamination might do. Also, how many American citizens will actually have a chance to come in contact with any plutonium isotope in their lifetime? As you can see, if we start to produce plutonium once again, we will benefit greatly from its use. We can use it to help power nuclear reactors, which can power our nation. It can also be recycled and used once again which is one thing fossil fuels cannot do. Nuclear electric propulsion and its use of plutonium will help power space exploration into the next century and maybe even get us to Mars. Pu-238 is also helpful in powering cardiac pacemakers, one of the great biomedical inventions of the1900s. With these constructive and productive uses, we sh ouldnt even debate on the fact that we need plutonium for the future. You may think that by producing plutonium, it will automatically go toward our nuclear weapons program. With non-proliferation and testing banned, this, obviously, is no longer an option. What about nuclear waste and radiation exposure? Well, unless an individual does not use safety precautions and other preventive measures when and if he handles the substance, he or she shouldnt expect anything less of radiation poisoning and contamination. If youre still concerned about exposure to nuclear radiation, youre in for a big surprise when you find out you cant avoid it. There is more of a chance you will die from radon gas than there is from plutonium.(ref. 6) After considering all these factors, whether they are advantages or disadvantages, it is obvious that the use of plutonium is, in fact, feasible and the disadvantages are highly unlikely to affect your health and well being. You probably should be more worried about dying in an automobile accident or a plane crash. Bibliography 1.) http://world-nuclear.org/reference/pdf/uoc-study.pdf 2.) laplace.ee.latrobe.edu.au:8080/~khstatements/perspectives -on-plutonium.html (A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium) 3.) letrs.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/LeTRS/browse.pl?1994/E-8242.html (Nuclear Electric Propulsion) 4.) spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov/NASA. Projeicles/Proposes.Sysytems/Nuclear.Propulsion ( NASA fact sheet, Dec. 1991) 5.) tqd.advanced.org/3471.nuclear_politics_body.html (Nuclear Politics) 6.) www.epa.gov/docs?RadonPubs/citquide.txt.html (Citizens Guide to Radon) 7.)www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html (Questions about Nuclear Energy) 8.) www.ieer.org/ieer/fctsheet/fm_hlth.html (IEER: Fissile Materials Health Environmental Dangers) 9.) www.nucmet.com/CompOver.html (NMI Company Overview) 10.) www.teleport.com/~aaugiee/plu.htm (Background on Pu-238/239) 11.) www.uilondon.org/nfc.html (The Nuclear Fuel Cycle) 12.) www.uilondon.org/ci3_plu.html (Core Issues no.3, The Uranium Institute 1995) 13.) www.uic.com.au/nip18.htm (Plutonium) C/ENS Zack Beecher Bn Public Affairs Officer Capt. Armed Regulation DT Research Papers on Power of PlutoniumThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paper19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAW

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Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucioism - Research Paper Example This was around the 6th and 4th centuries, but the religion has many branches as teachings. The religion has various books about each of the practices, which are observed by different followers depending on the station within the faith. Buddha was born in Nepal and an astrologer foretold that he would become a great king or a holly man. His father wanted him to be a king but at the age of 29, he went out of the palace and saw the suffering that people went through especially the sick, common people and also he met one holly man who was at peace with the world. This experience made him to abandon the royal life and to take up a spiritual life (Jinpa, 7). He went to learn from the religious leaders of his tome and he mastered how meditate but and when he discovered that it could not cure suffering permanently he continued searching and engaged in pronged fasting, breath-holding and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to fatality inn the process, but he decided to settle for med itation to avoid the extremes. At the time, he ended his suffering and received rebirth he claimed to have received enlightened. He then attracted followers at the age of 35 years, he spent the rest of his life teaching the enlightenment, and He died at the 80 in India Means action called Karma and work and is the force that drives the cycle of suffering and rebirth of every being. It holds that there exist good work and bad works in society. Each action good or bad produces sees in the minds, which also bear fruits in this life or the next life after rebirth. It appeals to people to have ethical works in the body speech and mind. All intentions come from which later bear fruits from that mind. The forgives for ones conduct is not allowed in some teaching of Rebirth holds that all being go through a series of stages in different lifetimes starting from life to dearth. That one does not have a permanent self. Since rebirth is, a continuous process determines by the actions of an indi vidual. Every rebirth takes place within hell, ghosts, human beings, low deities, and gods. However, any Buddhist practitioners can obtain rebirth into higher levels. It teaches individuals to have good morals and perform good works so that they may be reborn into a good state in the next stage in life. It holds that all beings crave pleasure while at the same time avoiding pain from birth to death. The Buddhist helps in eliminating the pain and conditions that may lead to rebirth into pain. The causes of suffering and their solutions in life itself lead to pain and suffering in one way or another. It teaches that to avoid suffering is usually caused by craving for what does not exist; one should stops the illusions or attained the enlightenment The Noble truth that prevents suffering and attains wisdom, which purifies the mind and living in the reality. Morality and ethics is possible by abstaining from bad deeds, by avoiding harming others. Mental discipline achieved through medit ation, which helps one to master the mind and making effort to improve. It shapes on to live better life by being occupies with good deed that leads to a better rebirth. The religion assists individuals on how to avoid pain and how to leave better, not only in this life but also

Ethics of Peer to Peer downloading and Sharing Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Peer to Peer downloading and Sharing Essay Abstract In the short time that computers and internet have existed in the modern era, the world has seen a complete 360 degree turn and in the various forms of electronic entertainment that people all over the world are now using. In the days before CD’s, DVD’s and the internet, not much was said if a vinyl album (remember these?), VHS cassette (or these?) or an audio cassette was loaned to a friend for their listening / viewing pleasure, but today with the availability of sending an email with three or four megabytes (mb) of information, one can enjoy a borrowed song but is assumed that it is piracy or stealing. Is this a fair assumption? This Author will not give his opinion but rather discuss both sides of the Peer to Peer (P2P) downloading and sharing issues and let the reader form their own opinions. Peer downloading and Sharing: Definition and History â€Å"Peer-to-Peer† technology, what is meant when this phrase is mentioned in the world of electronic entertainment or computers? Usually in today’s environment, this phrase has a negative connotation assigned to it, but this phrase deserves a deeper investigation into all aspects of the concept. Peer-to-Peer technology is defined by the textbook of this class as â€Å"technology which permits easy transfer of files over the Internet by large numbers of strangers without a centralized system or service.† (Baase, 2008) When this definition is read, does it imply an impartial connotation or is the definition insinuating that this technology is wrong without some form of centralized system or service? Who knows? This is up to the reader to decide, but much probably depends on the readers personal opinion on the matter. With the textbook’s definition stated, what is actually meant by P2P technology? In Basic English, P2P technology is the ability share / loan / give an electronic file of any sort, be it music, software, video or documents, with anyone that is logged onto to the same server or network as the person in possession of the file. Another important definition that needs to be stated is that of â€Å"Copyrights.† Copyrights are defined by the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as â€Å": the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something (as a literary, musical, or artistic work)† (Merriam-Webster 2011) Again in Basic English this translates to that the original owner of a product has all rights to make profits from their product or service. But, there is always a but, as this definition does not state, do these legal rights apply to the sharing of a product or service and thereby not making a profit from the product? There seems to be two main questions that need to be answered and they are: 1) What is the legal definition of â€Å"sharing?† and 2) What is the legal definition of â€Å"making a profit?† It would seem that until someone legally defines these, this will be the never ending question that will continue plague the electronic world of entertainment. These two questions will be discussed later in this document. As with many things in life and technology, when these ideas and concepts were initially invented or designed, apparently these people did not look to the future and what may become of these ideas or designs. When the initial copyright law was passed in 1790, computers, MP3’s and various other forms of electronic technology did not exist and this law only covered books, maps and charts and protected them for 14 years. (Baas, 2008) It wasn’t for almost 130 years that the US Congress updated the law to include photos, sound recording, and movies but again nothing is done to define profit or sharing as it relates to this topic of conversation. As time has passed, various countries, including the USA, have passed and enforced stricter laws, mostly in favor of the entertainment industry. i.e. copyright infringement, illegal sharing of copyrighted material, and profiting from copyrighted material. All of these examples seem very similar but in reality they have some very fine differences that if you ask any judge to define, you may end up with as many different answers from each different judge asked. This is where the dilemma starts. As time has passed and technologies have become available to the average people of the world, including those with lesser amounts of disposable money, the ability to â€Å"share or loan† electronic material has become increasingly popular. The question still remains in the mind of this author; what is the difference between sharing and audio cassette with a friend and sharing an MP3 that has been legally copied from disk or downloaded from Itunes? In the eyes of many people, there is not a difference in these two concepts. In the eyes of many, the concept of sharing a MP3 is that same as sharing a cassette but has followed the theory of evolution and grown from the era of physical items, like cassettes, and evolved to the electronic media market. This sharing concept brings forth another question. Why did music industry and other various media companies not try to enforce the existing laws when it was only video and audio cassettes? Could it be that â€Å"back in the day†, the number of cassettes / albums being shared were not near the numbers of electronic media being shared today? This seems to be the probable answer because to share a cassette or album there needs to be some form of physical contact between the two participants and to share electronic media the two participants can be miles apart and only need a computer with internet or email access. Back in the day, the amounts of profits lost were not worth the legal fees to fight the practice of â€Å"Sharing. Present Day Operations So now let’s jump to the present day and discuss the practice of Sharing as it is being practiced today. By present day, it is to include the modern era of computers and the Internet. With the invention of the Internet, CD’S, DVD’s and other forms of electronic technologies came to associated people that would eventually try to use these inventions to their fullest extent. This too included the sharing of files, music and software. Napster was one of the first agencies to openly advertise that you could â€Å"share† files with their P2P software. What happened? According to History.com, Napster began operation in 2000 and by later in the year, some 60 million users were freely â€Å"sharing electronic media of various forms. This is where the modern practice of enforcing the existing versions of copyright laws was being challenged in court. Napster, as it originally operated, only lasted for about a year and a half before the legal eagles of the media industry came at them with a vengeance and essentially shut them down. These lawyers, representing just about all aspects of the music industry, â€Å"filed suit against the company, alleging vicarious copyright infringement under the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1996.† (history.com) Although Napster continued to exist in various forms since 2000, after going legit, they just have not had the same impact on the P2P world that they had back then. As of 30 Nov 2011 Napster, who was owned by Best Buy, has been sold to Rhapsody in an effort to increase Rhapsody leading music subscriber database. (cnnmoney.com. 2011) Along the same time as the Napster rise and fall, other P2P companies were trying to find every legal loop hole to be able to continue operating without worry of legal action from these media moguls. These companies included, but were not limited to Grokster, Kazaa and the nearly legal Limewire. Throughout the years that followed, these companies tried every possible exception to the laws to circumvent the laws but in the end even Limewire was shut down by the US Gov’t. In the past, when you loaded Limewire’s website, their page was loaded with ads, software download links and various other stuff, but now all you get is the official seal of the US Justice department and a warning that you are trying to access a seized webpage and/or to stop distributing their P2P software. What is interesting now is that the P2P software industry and music / movie are not the only ones trying to stop the use of computers and the internet to share files, now TV moguls are also trying to jump on this bandwagon. In recent years, websites and various users have been streaming live sporting events to the internet via their personal paid cable TV services such as Comcast or DirectTV. The websites included rojadirecta and ahdte, but again if you visit these sites you will be met with the justice department seal and a disclaimer saying they have been seized and shutdown for illegal operations such as copyright infringement. The question now is what is considered ownership of the pay per view service? For example, if customer A uses the pay per view option on his/her cable box, does he/she now own the program and therefore has the right to reproduce the item as they see fit? Or, do they still have to obey the original reproduction laws. Another concept is this. If Customer A purchases the right to view a program and then puts said program available for viewing by friends that visit his/her house, is this copyright infringement? The list of questions goes on and on. If customer A purchases the right to view the program and then chooses to stream the program to a free and public website, can others log onto this website, view the program and not be guilty of breaking any laws. Although there may be some ethical and moral questions to answer for, these do not affect the legality of this arena. Customer A did not make a profit by streaming the program to a free website. Customer A did allow friends to view a program that by legal intention of the law was for the viewing of customer A only. Viewing live streaming is not the exact same as that of P2P sharing of files but does have the same implications. Someone is receiving a product or service that was not paid for, At least this is what the media industry would like the legal system to believe. In the 2011 it would appear that the media industry is winning the legal battles, albeit they are having much more success within the USA than other parts of the world. This is especially true in the more disadvantaged countries. This author will use his current country of Colombia, South America as an example. Here it is very common place to purchase or download shared versions of music, movies and computer software. Why is this? Quite frankly this is a poor country and without these shared versions of these products, people here could not afford any of these products at regular corporate pricing. After experiencing the technological environment here, one can understand why the â€Å"shared† file industry is so important. Ethical Questions So! Many views and examples have been shown for both sides of the P2P and file sharing argument. Now the questions need to be presented as to what laws are actually being violated. The media industry would have you believe that by sending a legally purchased MP3, for example, to a friend for their listening pleasure, that both parties are now breaking the copyright laws for that artist. Furthermore, the media industry wants you to think that if you would not have shared this MP3 with your friend, then this friend would have to go to a store and purchase this same song on a disk. The general public counters these arguments with these answers. The persons sharing the MP3, would argue that they are not violating the law because they are only sharing the music with each other and neither party is making a profit off the item and that by sharing the item first, one can make an informed decision on whether to spend more money for the entire disk or possibly only purchase the single. These same arguments apply to almost all portions of the P2P file sharing industry and live streaming of television events as well. Conclusion Basically it comes down to this. The media industries want to continue receiving and growing their profits and the general public would things for the lowest possible price. Whether or not to use P2P file sharing technology or view live event streaming on computers will always be a moral and ethical question that only one person can answer. That person is, the person that is deciding whether to use the P2P technology or not and will always be a personal issue that each and every one that uses these technologies will have live with. Everyone will have to answer this for themselves. References Baase, S. (2008). A gift of fire. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Microsoft Server and Cloud Platform (N.D.). Windows Server 2008 R2, Retrieved Merriam-webster online dictionary (2011) Definition of copyright. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright History channel (N. D.). The death spiral of Napster begins Retrieved from http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-spiral-of-napster-begins CNN Money(N.D.), Today is Napsters last day of existence, Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2011/11/30/technology/napster_rhapsody/index.htm